Ryan, please ignore my last post (which I've now deleted).
I just checked my fuse block and I think I see what's happening.
Your car is wired like mine. The fuse that failed feeds power to the headlight switch. From the headlight switch, power goes to the dimmer switch, and from there goes back to the fuse block where two other fuses send power to the high and low beam circuits.
But other circuits can draw their power from the hot lead that goes to the headlight switch, so a number of things could have caused that fuse to blow, not necessarily the headlights.
If your phone charger and bluetooth speaker draw power from that headlight switch terminal, a momentary short in either of those circuits could have taken out the fuse.
If you find the right replacement fuse, get a bunch, as it could take some sleuthing to find just where the short is.